Self-Determination Theory

Deci and Ryan’s macro-theory of human motivation distinguishing intrinsic motivation (acting from genuine interest and value alignment) from extrinsic motivation (acting for external rewards or to avoid punishment). Identifies three core psychological needs: autonomy (self-directedness), competence (mastery and efficacy), and relatedness (meaningful connection). Explains “lying flat” (躺平) and motivation collapse: when environments chronically frustrate these needs, people withdraw effort not from laziness but as rational self-protection. Applies to workplace design, educational systems, and personal goal-setting — clarifying why external pressure and surveillance often backfire against genuine engagement.